History of Concrete

Concrete science is a science about concrete, its types, structure and properties, environmental impact on it. Concrete science develops in process of development of construction technology, improving of experimental methods of research.

Concrete application in civil engineering can be divided conventionally into some stages:
1. The antique
2. Application of a hydraulic lime and Roman cement.
3. Portland cement technology formation and plain concrete application.
4. Mass application of concrete for manufacturing of reinforced concrete
    constructions.
5. Application of concrete for manufacturing of prestressed and precast
    reinforced concrete constructions
6. Wide use of concrete of the various types modified by admixtures.

The Antique Concrete

Pantheon in Rome.

Concrete domical building 43 m high (115-125 A.D.)

Golden Age of Concrete

Empire State Building, New-York,

USA (1931) 381 m high

Concrete Technology

In some developed countries it is not uncommon to find large amount of resources, such as 30 to 50% of total infrastructure budget, applied to repair and maintenance of existing structures. As a result, many government and private developers are looking into life cycle costs rather than first cost of construction. Durability of concrete depends on many factors including its physical and chemical properties, the service environment and design life. As such, durability is not a fundamental property.

One concrete that performs satisfactory in a severe environment may deteriorate prematurely in another situation where it is consider as moderate. This is mainly due to the differences in the failure mechanism from various exposure conditions. Physical properties of concrete are often discussed in term of permeation the movement of aggressive agents into and out of concrete.

Chemical properties refer to the quantity and type of hydration products, mainly calcium silicate hydrate, calcium aluminate hydrate, and calcium hydroxide of the set cement. Reactions of penetrating agents with these hydrates produce products that can be inert, highly soluble, or expansive. It is the nature of these reaction products that control the severity of chemical attack. Physical damage to concrete can occur due to expansion or contraction under loading.